Penjelasan tafsir surah At-Taubah 9:123
Duladi mengutip pada:
http://mengenal-islam.t35.com/Tafsir_QS9-123.htm
Mari lihat bagaimana tafsir Quran surah 9:123 tersebut:
Dari tafsir Ibnu Kathir, http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=22240
The Order for Jihad against the
Disbelievers, the Closest, then the Farthest Areas
Allah commands the believers to fight the disbelievers, the closest in
area to the Islamic state, then the farthest. This is why the Messenger
of Allah started fighting the idolators in the Arabian Peninsula. When
he finished with them and Allah gave him control over Makkah,
Al-Madinah, At-Ta'if, Yemen, Yamamah, Hajr, Khaybar, Hadramawt and
other Arab provinces, and the various Arab tribes entered Islam in
large crowds, he then started fighting the People of the Scriptures. He
began preparations to fight the Romans who were the closest in area to
the Arabian Peninsula, and as such, had the most right to be called to
Islam, especially since they were from the People of the Scriptures.
The Prophet marched until he reached Tabuk and went back because of the
extreme hardship, little rain and little supplies. This battle occurred
on the ninth year after his Hijrah. In the tenth year, the Messenger of
Allah was busy with the Farewell Hajj. The Messenger died eighty-one
days after he returned from that Hajj, Allah chose him for what He had
prepared for him [in Paradise]. After his death, his executor, friend,
and Khalifah, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, may Allah be pleased with him, became
the leader. At that time, the religion came under attack and would have
been defeated, if it had not been for the fact that Allah gave the
religion firmness through Abu Bakr, who established its basis and made
its foundations firm. He brought those who strayed from the religion
back to it, and made those who reverted from Islam return. He took the
Zakah from the evil people who did not want to pay it, and explained
the truth to those who were unaware of it. On behalf of the Prophet ,
Abu Bakr delivered what he was entrusted with. Then, he started
preparing the Islamic armies to fight the Roman cross worshippers, and
the Persian fire worshippers. By the blessing of his mission, Allah
opened the lands for him and brought down Caesar and Kisra and those
who obeyed them among the servants. Abu Bakr spent their treasures in
the cause of Allah, just as the Messenger of Allah had foretold would
happen. This mission continued after Abu Bakr at the hands of he whom
Abu Bakr chose to be his successor, Al-Faruq, the Martyr of the Mihrab,
Abu Hafs, `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him. With
`Umar, Allah humiliated the disbelievers, suppressed the tyrants and
hypocrites, and opened the eastern and western parts of the world. The
treasures of various countries were brought to `Umar from near and far
provinces, and he divided them according to the legitimate and accepted
method. `Umar then died as a martyr after he lived a praise worthy
life. Then, the Companions among the Muhajirin and Ansar agreed to
chose after `Umar, `Uthman bin `Affan, Leader of the faithful and
Martyr of the House, may Allah be pleased with him. During `Uthman's
reign, Islam wore its widest garment and Allah's unequivocal proof was
established in various parts of the world over the necks of the
servants. Islam appeared in the eastern and western parts of the world
and Allah's Word was elevated and His religion apparent. The pure
religion reached its deepest aims against Allah's enemies, and whenever
Muslims overcame an Ummah, they moved to the next one, and then the
next one, crushing the tyranical evil doers. They did this in reverence
to Allah's statement,
[يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ قَاتِلُواْ الَّذِينَ يَلُونَكُمْ مِّنَ
الْكُفَّارِ]
(O you who believe! Fight those of the disbelievers who are close to
you,) Allah said next,
[وَلِيَجِدُواْ فِيكُمْ غِلْظَةً]
(and let them find harshness in you), meaning, let the disbelievers
find harshness in you against them in battle. The complete believer is
he who is kind to his believing brother, and harsh with his
disbelieving enemy. Allah said in other Ayah,
[فَسَوْفَ يَأْتِى اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمْ وَيُحِبُّونَهُ أَذِلَّةٍ
عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَعِزَّةٍ عَلَى الْكَـفِرِينَ]
(Allah will bring a people whom He will love and they will love Him;
humble towards the believers, stern towards the disbelievers...)[5:54],
[مُّحَمَّدٌ رَّسُولُ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِينَ مَعَهُ أَشِدَّآءُ عَلَى
الْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَآءُ بَيْنَهُمْ]
(Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. And those who are with him are
severe against the disbelievers, and merciful among
themselves.)[48:29], and,
[يَأَيُّهَا النَّبِىُّ جَـهِدِ الْكُفَّـرَ وَالْمُنَـفِقِينَ وَاغْلُظْ
عَلَيْهِمْ]
(O Prophet! Strive hard against the disbelievers and the hypocrites,
and be harsh against them.)[9:73] Allah said,
[وَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الْمُتَّقِينَ]
(And know that Allah is with those who have Taqwa), meaning, fight the
disbelievers and trust in Allah knowing that Allah is with you if you
fear and obey Him. This was the case in the first three blessed
generations of Islam, the best members of this Ummah. Since they were
firm on the religion and reached an unsurpassed level of obedience to
Allah, they consistently prevailed over their enemies. During that era,
victories were abundant, and enemies were ever more in a state of utter
loss and degradation. However, after the turmoil began, desires and
divisions became prevalent between various Muslim kings, the enemies were eager to attack the
outposts of Islam and marched into its territory without much opposition.
Then, the Muslim kings were too busy with their enmity for each other. The
disbelievers then
marched to the
capital cities of the Islamic states, after gaining control over many
of its areas, in addition to entire Islamic lands. Verily, ownership
of all affairs is with Allah in the beginning and in the end. Whenever
a just Muslim king stood up and obeyed Allah's orders, all the while
trusting in Allah, Allah helped him regain control over some Muslim
lands and took back from the enemy what was compatible to his obedience
and support to Allah. We ask Allah to help the Muslims gain control
over the forelocks of His disbeliever enemies and to raise high the
word of Muslims over all lands. Verily, Allah is Most Generous, Most
Giving.
[وَإِذَا مَآ أُنزِلَتْ سُورَةٌ فَمِنْهُمْ مَّن يَقُولُ أَيُّكُمْ
زَادَتْهُ هَـذِهِ إِيمَـناً فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ءامَنُواْ فَزَادَتْهُمْ
إِيمَـناً وَهُمْ يَسْتَبْشِرُونَ وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ فِى قُلُوبِهِم
مَّرَضٌ فَزَادَتْهُمْ رِجْسًا إِلَى رِجْسِهِمْ وَمَاتُواْ وَهُمْ
كَـفِرُونَ]
(124. And whenever there comes down a Surah, some of them (hypocrites)
say: "Which of you has had his faith increased by it'' As for those who
believe, it has increased their faith, and they rejoice.) (125. But as
for those in whose hearts is a disease, it will add Rijs (doubt) to
their Rijs (doubt); and they die while they are disbelievers.)
Penjelasan:
Konteks surah 9:123 adalah perlawanan yang harus dilakukan oleh kaum
muslimin untuk mengakhiri intimidasi dari orang-orang musyrik yang
selama ini terus menerus meneror kaum muslimin. Satu-satunya jalan
adalah dengan mendahului untuk menyerang mereka, karena
demikianlah sifat peperangan secara alamiah dimana musuh/perusuh yang selama ini terus-menerus
menganggu dapat ganti
dilawan balik sebagai balasan atau tindakan tanpa menunggu musuh
menyerang terlebih dahulu .
Dari
http://mengenal-islam.t35.com/Tafsir_QS9-123.htm sendiri dikutip:
Jika kalian bertemu dengan musuh
kalian dari kalangan kaum musyrik maka serulah mereka pada tiga pilihan,
mana saja di antara ketiganya, selama mereka bersedia memenuhi
seruanmu, maka terimalah dan tahanlah dirimu dari menyerang mereka.
Ajaklah mereka memeluk Islam. Jika
mereka memenuhi seruan kalian, terimalah dan tahanlah dirimu untuk
menyerang mereka….Jika mereka enggan (memenuhi seruan kalian),
mintalah mereka membayar jizyah. Jika mereka memenuhi seruan kalian,
terimalah dan tahanlah diri kalian untuk menyerang mereka. Jika mereka
enggan juga, mintalah perlindungan kepada Allah, kemudian perangilah
mereka. (HR Muslim).
Dimana cukup jelas disebutkan bahwa sekalipun kaum muslimin
diperbolehkan untuk mendahului menyerang sebagai suatu bentuk
perlawanan, kaum muslimin dapat menawarkan beberapa opsi kepada musuh.
Inti dari surah 9:123 adalah perlawanan kepada musuh dengan
menyerang terlebih dahulu dengan catatan bahwa musuh telah
mengintimidasi kaum muslimin sebelumnya. Sumber referensi yang diajukan oleh Duladi tidak lebih
dari penafsiran tentang cara-cara berperang melawan para musuh (ofensifitas) dan bukan menekankan pada aspek 'penyerangan' membabi buta sebagai simbol ajaran Islam seperti yang dipahami oleh Duladi.
Telah diizinkan (berperang) bagi orang-orang yang diperangi, karena sesungguhnya mereka telah dianiaya. Dan sesungguhnya Allah, benar-benar Maha Kuasa menolong mereka itu, (QS. 22:39)
Dari
tafsir Syaik Maududi:
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/maududi/mau9.html#S9
Subject: Problems of Peace and War
In continuation of Surah AL-ANFAL, this Surah also deals with
the problems of peace and war and bases the theme on the Tabuk
Expedition.
Topics and their Interconnection
This portion deals with the sanctity of treaties and lays down
principles, rules and regulations which must be kept in view before
breaking them, in case the other party does not observe them
sincerely. 1 - 12
In this portion the Muslims have been urged to fight in the Way
of Allah with the mushrik Arabs, the Jews and the
Christians, who were duly warned
of the consequences of their mischievous and inimical behaviour.
13 - 37
In this discourse, the Muslims have been told clearly and
explicitly that they will inherit the rewards promised by Allah
only if they take active part in the conflict with kufr,
for that is the criterion which distinguishes true Muslims from
hypocrites. Therefore true Muslims should take active part in
Jihad, without minding dangers, obstacles, difficulties,
temptations and the like. 38 - 72
This portion deals with the
problems of hypocrites and lays down rules and regulations
governing the treatment that should be meted out to them and points
out their distinctive marks from true Muslims. 73 -
90
This portion deals with the case of those who remained behind
and did not accompany the Holy Prophet for Jihad to Tabuk.
For this purpose they have been separated in different categories,
that is, the disabled, the sick, the indigent, the hypocrites, the
believers who realized their guilt and punished themselves before
the return of the Holy Prophet from Tabuk and those who confessed
their error. Their cases have been dealt with in accordance with
the nature and extent of their offence. 91 - 110
In order to make their noble qualities look all the more
conspicuous and dignified by contrast, the characteristics of the
Believers have been mentioned, and they have been reassured that
Allah, the Sovereign of the Universe, is their helper and guardian.
Accordingly, because of their sincerity, He has forgiven the Three
Believers who did not take part in the expedition. 111 -
118
In the
concluding portion, general instructions have been given to the
Believers for their guidance. 119
- 127
This is the conclusion: "Follow the Messenger who is gentle
and compassionate and your greatest well-wisher, and trust in
Allah, the Lord of the Universe". 128 - 129
Dari
kutipan diatas ditunjukkan bahwa kaum kafir telah melanggar
perjanjian sebelumnya dengan kaum muslimin sehingga tidak alasan
bahwa mereka tidak bisa diperangi.
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